The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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