The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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