The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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