The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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