The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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