The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin