The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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