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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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