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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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