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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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