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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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