Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin