A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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