Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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