“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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