Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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