A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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