There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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