A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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