Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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