As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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