In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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