Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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