The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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