A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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