A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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