An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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