A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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