Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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