Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
Textbook
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
Textbook
I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin