Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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