Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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