This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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