Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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