Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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