A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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