To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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