Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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