Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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