A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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