One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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