A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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