Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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