A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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