A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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