So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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