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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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