In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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