Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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