Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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