At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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