Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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