The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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