The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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