Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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