Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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