Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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