Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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