Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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