A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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