Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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