While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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