Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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