Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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