Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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