Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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