Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
Textbook
In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin