Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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