Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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