Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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