Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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