Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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