Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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