Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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