Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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