Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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