Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin