Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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