Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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