Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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