Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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