Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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