Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
Textbook
A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin