Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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