Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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