Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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