Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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