Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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