Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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