“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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