“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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