“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
Textbook
Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin