“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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