“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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