“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
Textbook
To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
Textbook
Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin