“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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