“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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