“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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