“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin