“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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