“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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