“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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