“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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