“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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