“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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