“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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