“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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