“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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