Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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