The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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