Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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