Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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