RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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