RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
Textbook
The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
Textbook
Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
Textbook
A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
Textbook
This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
Textbook
An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
Textbook
A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
Textbook
“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
Textbook
Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
Textbook
Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin