RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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