RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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