RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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