RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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