RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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