RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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