RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
Textbook
Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
Textbook
Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
Textbook
As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin