RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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