RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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