RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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