RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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