RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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