RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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