RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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