RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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