RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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