RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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