RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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