RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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