Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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