Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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