Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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