A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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