Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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