This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
Textbook
Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin