In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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