Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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