As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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