Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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