PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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