Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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