In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
Textbook
Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
Textbook
Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
Textbook
The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
Textbook
Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin