In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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