In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
Textbook
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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