(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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