Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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