A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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