Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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