Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
Textbook
Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
Textbook
A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
Textbook
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
Textbook
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
Textbook
Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
Textbook