A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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