So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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