(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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