Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
Textbook
DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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