One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
Textbook
PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
Textbook
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
Textbook
An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
Textbook
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
Textbook
A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
Textbook
Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
Textbook
In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
Textbook
A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin