(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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