The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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