An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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