An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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