A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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