Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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