At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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