Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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