The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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