In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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