A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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