A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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