In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
DC electric current signals may also be used to communicate process measurement information from transmitters…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
Textbook
Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
Textbook
Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
Textbook
Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
Textbook
It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
Textbook
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
Textbook
The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
Textbook
An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
Textbook
An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
Textbook
Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
Textbook
Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
Textbook
When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
Textbook
Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
Textbook
Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
Textbook
Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
Textbook
Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
Textbook
A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
Textbook
A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
Textbook
Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
Textbook
At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
Textbook
A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
Textbook
A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
Textbook
One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin