Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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