Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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