Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Two extremely important principles in electric circuits were codified by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff in the year…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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