The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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