In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
Textbook
Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
Textbook
Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
Textbook
The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
Textbook
To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
Textbook
Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
Textbook
An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin