Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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