The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
Textbook
Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
Textbook
A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
Textbook
Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
Textbook
Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
Textbook
A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
Textbook
Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
Textbook
Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
Textbook
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
Textbook
It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin