In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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