In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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