Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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