Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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