In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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