Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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