Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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