Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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