The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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