Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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