A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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