Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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