Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Recall that an exothermic chemical reaction is one that releases a net sum of energy, as opposed to an…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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