Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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