Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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