Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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