A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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