A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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