A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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