Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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