A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Hydrogen ion activity in aqueous (water-solvent) solutions is a very important parameter for a wide variety of…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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