As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status.…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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