A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
Textbook
As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
Textbook
An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
Textbook
Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
Textbook
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
Textbook
This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
Textbook
Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
Textbook
Textbook
To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
Textbook
The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
Textbook
A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
Textbook
The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
Textbook
A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
Textbook
Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
Textbook
(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin