A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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At the root of successful system diagnosis is a rigorous adherence to scientific reasoning. There exists no…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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