The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Feedback obtained from industrial users of FF reveal a common pattern: Fieldbus is a powerful and reliable…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
Textbook
The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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At the next OSI Reference Model layer (layer 4) is a set of protocols specifying how reliable communication…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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