One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Fieldbus devices require far more attention in their initial setup and commissioning than their analog…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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