Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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A temperature switch is one detecting the temperature of some substance. Temperature switches often use…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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As defined previously, calibration means the comparison and adjustment (if necessary) of an instrument’s…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell,…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A wise PLC programmer once told me that the first thing any aspiring programmer should learn about the PLC…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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