Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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In some process applications, it is important that the control valve be able to completely stop fluid flow…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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