One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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The very purpose of physics is to quantitatively describe and explain the physical world in as few terms as…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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