One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Capacitors store energy in electric fields, proportional to the square of voltage. Inductors store energy in…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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