One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Displacer level instruments exploit Archimedes’ Principle to detect liquid level by continuously…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Several different technologies exist for the conversion of fluid pressure into an electrical signal response.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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