Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Non-dispersive analysis, while newer in discovery than dispersive analysis (Isaac Newton’s 17th-century…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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A design-based fortification is one rooted in technical details of system architecture and functionality. Some…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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