Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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To summarize some of the key points and concepts for teaching: Do not waste class time transmitting facts to…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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