Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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