A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Finally, we arrive at the loop diagram (sometimes called a loop sheet) for the compressor surge control system…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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