A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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The following collection of photographs chronicles the complete disassembly of a Fisher E-body globe valve…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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