One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I, and…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Any power grid large enough to meet the demand of an entire nation must have multiple generators drawing from…
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Instrument technicians should not have to concern themselves over the programming details internal to digital…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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Any conductor possesses a characteristic called inductance: the ability to store energy in the form of a…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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