One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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Layer 1 of the OSI Reference Model is where we define the “physical” elements of a digital data…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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Self-balancing pneumatic instrument mechanisms are very similar to negative-feedback operational amplifier…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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In a manually-controlled process, a human operator directly actuates some form of final control element…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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A very simple device used to measure pressure is the manometer: a fluid-filled tube where an applied gas…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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