The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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To show a practical process example, let’s examine three diagrams for a compressor control system,…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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Linearity of Measurement Instruments The purpose of calibration is to ensure the input and output of an…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Cyber-security seems to have its own vocabulary, ranging from unwieldy technical acronyms to slang terms…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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This section does not describe a particular type of flowmeter, but rather a design that may be implemented for…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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