The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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The following animation shows the calculus concepts of differentiation and integration (with respect to time)…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Most of these formulae appear in molecular chemical form rather than structural form. For example, ethanol…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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As a general rule, high achievement only takes place in an atmosphere of high expectations. Sometimes these…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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In this section I will show screenshots from a process loop simulation program illustrating the effectiveness…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid level in a vessel. They are often found…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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