One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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In addition to Ohm’s Law, we have a set of rules describing how voltages, currents, and resistances…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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As we have seen, the concept of integration is finding the accumulation of one variable multiplied by another…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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This section shows some of the many instrument symbols found in different types of technical diagrams used to…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Perhaps the most important rule to obey when using pneumatic instruments is to maintain clean and dry…
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Like so many other industrial data networks, FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an “unswitched” or…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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An engineer named Bob Metcalfe conceived the idea of Ethernet in 1973, while working for the Xerox research…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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