The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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There are many process control applications in the industry where it is desirable to have multiple control…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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Abdelaziz, Ahmed (June 2014) Identified numerous typographical errors throughout the book, mostly repeated…
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An important design parameter of a control valve is the position it will “fail” to if it loses…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Constructing PID control systems using discrete components is a fairly simple method involving operational…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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What is Calibration? To calibrate an instrument means to check and adjust (if necessary) its response so the…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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The key to understanding how three-phase electric motors work is to have an accurate mental picture of the…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Earlier in this chapter you were shown a model of a nitrogen atom with a dense nucleus (comprised of protons…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
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Mechanical pressure-sensing elements include the bellows, the diaphragm, and the bourdon tube. Each of these…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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