Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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Another category of control strategies involves the use of signal relays or function blocks with the ability…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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The advent of “smart” field instruments containing microprocessors has been a great advance for…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The dispersion of visible light into its constituent colors goes all the way back to the 17th century with…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Up until this point, we have explored various types of instrumentation diagram, each one making reference to…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Perhaps the simplest form of solid or liquid level measurement is with a float: a device that rides on the…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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The next level of detail is the Process and Instrument Diagram, or P&ID. Here, we see a “zooming…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float sets the…
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Light has long been used as a long-range signaling medium. While communication by light through open air is…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
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Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing float directly sets…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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RTDs are completely passive sensing elements, requiring the application of an externally-sourced electric…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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When control valves operate between fully open and fully shut, they serve much the same purpose in process…
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A chemical reaction resulting in a net release of energy is called exothermic. Conversely, a chemical reaction…
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