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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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“Radio” systems use electromagnetic fields to communicate information over long distances through…
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An interesting parallel to the “unity fraction” unit conversion technique is something referred to…
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Phasors are to AC circuit quantities as polarity is to DC circuit quantities: a way to express the…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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I remember first learning about the world-wide Internet, and wondering what it actually looked like. The first…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Every programmable logic controller must have some means of receiving and interpreting signals from real-world…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Much has been written about the benefits of robust PID control. Increased productivity, decreased equipment…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A unique form of differential pressure-based flow measurement deserves its own section in this flow…
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A whole class of problem-solving techniques focuses on altering the given problem into a simpler form that is…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Some problem-solving techniques are unique to quantitative problems, involving mathematical calculations. In…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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