Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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One very convenient feature of waves is that their properties are universal. Waves of water in the ocean,…
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An exciting development in industrial instrumentation is the WirelessHART radio communication standard,…
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Valve actuators provide force to move control valve trim. For precise positioning of a control valve, there…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Light is known to interact with matter in very specific ways, which may be exploited as a means of measuring…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
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Self-balancing mechanisms consisting solely of a baffle/nozzle detector coupled to a feedback bellows, while…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Control valves are supposed to deliver reliable, repeatable control of process fluid flow rate over a wide…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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Stoichiometry is the accounting of atoms before and after a chemical reaction. It is an expression of the Law…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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Modern DC and AC motor drives provide features useful when using electric motors as final control elements.…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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As we have seen, the concept of differentiation is finding the rate-of-change of one variable compared to…
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Electrical power grids primarily consist of three-phase AC circuits. This means most power lines (transmission…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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