The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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A 4 to 20 mA current signal represents some signal along a 0 to 100 percent scale. Usually, this scale is…
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The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes.…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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As we have seen, feedforward control is a way to improve the stability of a feedback control system in the…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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An extremely important topic in engineering is that of transfer functions. Simply defined, a transfer function…
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Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Every flow-measuring instrument exploits a physical principle to measure the flow rate of fluid stream.…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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Flow, by definition, is the passage of material from one location to another over time. So far this chapter…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Sensors used to measure vibration come in three basic types: displacement, velocity, and acceleration.…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A technological advance introduced in the late 1980’s was HART, an acronym standing for Highway…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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The concepts of calibration (trimming) and ranging are often difficult for new students of instrumentation to…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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The vast majority of modern process transmitters (both analog and digital) come equipped with a feature known…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Coy, John J. et. al. (December 2012) Sampled graphic illustrations from his NASA Reference Publication…
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A fundamental principle in instrumentation system troubleshooting is that every instrument has at least one…
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Given the ability of pressurized fluids to transmit force over long distances, it is not surprising that many…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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The term “grid” refers to the conductors and equipment interconnecting power sources to power…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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