Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Much of our knowledge about atomic structure comes from experimental data relating the interaction between…
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Most people reading this book have likely had the experience of adjusting water temperature using two hand…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
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Most pneumatic instruments use a simple but highly sensitive mechanism for converting mechanical motion into…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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DC electric motors generate torque by a reaction between two magnetic fields: one field established by…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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A proximity switch is one detecting the proximity (closeness) of some object. By definition, these switches…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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