Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A pressure switch is one detecting the presence of fluid pressure. Pressure switches often use diaphragms or…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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Binary patterns are not just able to represent numerical values. Given a standardized code, they may represent…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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Converting between disparate units of measurement is the bane of many science students. The problem is worse…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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A positive displacement flowmeter is a cyclic mechanism built to pass a fixed volume of fluid through with…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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