Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An on/off valve is the fluid equivalent of an electrical switch: a device that either allows unimpeded flow or…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that…
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Steam boilers are very common in industry, principally because steam power is so useful. Common uses for steam…
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Few areas of mathematics are as powerfully useful in describing and analyzing the physical world as calculus:…
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A pneumatic controller receives a process variable (PV) signal as a variable air pressure, compares that…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Atom: the smallest unit of matter that may be isolated by chemical means. Particle: a part of an atom,…
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Some of the simplest types of digital communication networks found in industry are defined by the EIA…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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The efficient identification and correction of instrument calibration errors is an important function for…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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So far we have just looked at instruments that sense, control, and influence process variables. Transmitters,…
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