Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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A unique form of technical diagram for describing the abstract functions comprising a control system (e.g. PID…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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The following animation shows a rotating phasor in three-dimensional form. The phasor rotates in a complex…
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The majority of flowmeter technologies operate on the principle of interpreting fluid flow based on the…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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It is possible to convey electrical power and communicate analog information over the same two wires using 4…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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Perhaps the most important rule of controller tuning is to know the process before attempting to adjust the…
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A limit switch detects the physical motion of an object by direct contact with that object. An example of a…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The most popular form of signal transmission used in modern industrial instrumentation systems (as of this…
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Thermodynamics is the study of heat, temperature, and their related effects in physical systems. As a subject,…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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The fundamental principle of electromagnetism is that an electric current will create a magnetic field at…
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