Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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In contrast to quantitative tuning procedures where definite numerical values for P, I, and D controller…
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In order to provide an interface between the internal (digital) world of a computer and the external (analog)…
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A powerful mathematical concept useful for analyzing practically any physical system – electrical…
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Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel.…
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The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the waveguide of a guided-wave…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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Negative feedback systems, in general, tend to cause confusion for those first learning their fundamental…
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Measuring the flow rate of liquid through an open channel is not unlike measuring the flow rate of a liquid…
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Many traditional flowmeter technologies respond to the volumetric flow rate of the moving fluid.…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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pH is the measurement of the hydrogen ion activity in a liquid solution. It is one of the most common forms of…
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Volumes could be written about poor diagnostic technique. The following mistakes are not intended to comprise…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A control strategy similar to ratio control is relation control. This is similar to ratio control in that a…
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