Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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To review, voltage is the measure of potential energy available to electric charges. Current is the uniform…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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Pipe is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow, usually manufactured…
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Area refers to the size of two-dimensional surface. Volume refers to the size of a three-dimensional space. To…
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To understand just how different FOUNDATION Fieldbus is from other digital instrument systems, consider a…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A variety of problem-solving techniques have been presented for students over the years which are all helpful…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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An important legacy technology for all kinds of continuous measurement is the self-balancing system. A…
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Feedback Control System Components Before we begin our discussion on process control, we must define a few key…
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A completely different way of measuring liquid level in vessels is to bounce a traveling wave off the surface…
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The simplest form of 4-20 mA current loop is the type used to represent the output of a process controller,…
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By definition, a source is a device delivering energy into a system, while a load is a device extracting…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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When I began teaching full-time in 1998, most of what I thought I understood about good teaching was actually…
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Multiple accessories exist for pressure-sensing devices to function optimally in challenging process…
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Some self-powered (4-wire) analog electronic transmitters are designed to behave as electrical loads rather…
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