Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Learning from reading printed text is a kind of problem-solving activity it is own right. The problem is how…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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The final element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus…
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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One of the great benefits of digital technology is the ability to communicate vast amounts of information over…
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Data-processing modules within FF systems are known as function blocks. Sometimes these blocks serve merely to…
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Process measurements are often of an analog nature: the temperature of a furnace, the rate of fluid flow…
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In reliability engineering, it is important to be able to quantity the reliability (or conversely, the…
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Suppose we wished to measure the consumption of propane over time for a large propane storage tank supplying a…
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An variable-area flowmeter is one where the fluid must pass through a restriction whose area increases with…
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An electromechanical relay is an electrical switch actuated by an electromagnet coil. As switching devices,…
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Impedance in a series circuit is the orthogonal sum of resistance and reactance: \[Z = \sqrt{R^2 + (X_L -…
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Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in…
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A variety of technologies exist to measure the quantity of stored material in a vessel. For liquid…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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“Feedforward” is a rather under-used control strategy capable of managing a great many types of…
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There are multiple motives for compromising the security of an industrial control system, some of which…
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A much simpler alternative to continuous vibration sensors (displacement or acceleration) and monitoring…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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