Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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A great many precision instruments use the principle of balance to measure some quantity. Perhaps the simplest…
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Suppose we wished to measure the rate of propane gas flow through a hose to a torch: Flowmeters appropriate…
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Visualizing the actions of P, I, and D tuning parameters using graphs is extremely useful in predicting the…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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A Safety Instrumented Function, or SIF, is one or more components designed to execute a specific…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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In November of 2007 a new computer virus was submitted to a virus scanning service. The purpose of this new…
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Temperature measurement devices may be classified into two broad types: contact and non-contact. Contact-type…
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One of the simplest classes of temperature sensor is one where temperature effects a change in electrical…
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A simple control system drawn in block diagram form looks like this: Information from the measuring device…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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A bridge circuit is basically a pair of voltage dividers where the circuit output is taken as the difference…
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A laser is a light source emitting waves of light that not only share the exact same frequency (color)…
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Many liquid substances undergo a process whereby their constituent molecules split into positively and…
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Control strategies such as cascade, ratio, feedforward, and those containing limit and selector functions can…
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