Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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Lipták, Béla G. et al., Instrument Engineers’ Handbook – Process Measurement and Analysis Volume I,…
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Developed by the Modicon company (the original manufacturer of the Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC) in…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
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One of the most important accessories for any temperature-sensing element is a pressure-tight sheath known as…
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(Will be addressed in future versions of this book)
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A very common method for directly controlling low flow rates of fluids is to use a device known as a metering…
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A special type flowmeter suited for powdered or granular solids is the weighfeeder. One of the most common…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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Since we often use electricity to convey energy from one location to another, it is important to be able to…
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A damper (otherwise known as a louvre) is a multi-element flow control device generally used to throttle large…
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For better or worse, there are no fewer than three different forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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A great many chemical composition measurements may be made indirectly by means of electricity, if those…
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Calculus has a reputation for being difficult to learn, and with good reason. The traditional approach to…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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