Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
Textbook
Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
Textbook
Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
Textbook
Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
Textbook
A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
Textbook
Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
Textbook
Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
Textbook
The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
Textbook
Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
Textbook
A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
Textbook
Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
Textbook
One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
Textbook
All masses require force to accelerate (we can also think of this in terms of the mass generating a reaction…
Textbook
Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
Textbook
There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
Textbook
Fluid pressure exerts force on any surface area it contacts, as described by the formula \(F = PA\). One…
Textbook
Valves can experience a number of problems, most of them either preventable or repairable. These problems can…
Textbook
Electrical Resistance Resistance (\(R\)) is the dissipative opposition to an electric current, analogous to…
Textbook
Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
Textbook
To better understand the design and operation of self-balancing pneumatic mechanisms, it is helpful to examine…
Textbook
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by…
Textbook
“As to methods there may be a million and then some, but principles are few. The man who grasps…
Textbook
First, let us review some of the properties of differentials and derivatives, referencing the expression and…
Textbook
Take for instance the problem of measuring fluid flow through a pipe. To the layperson, this may seem to be a…
Textbook
Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
Textbook
The final step in treating wastewater before releasing it into the natural environment is to kill any harmful…
Textbook
A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
Textbook
In order for any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID…
Textbook
Regardless of valve type, all stem-actuated control valves require some form of seal allowing motion of the…
Textbook
The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
Textbook
Tube, like pipe, is a hollow structure designed to provide an enclosed pathway for fluids to flow. In the case…
Textbook
One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
Textbook
An important performance parameter for transmitter instruments is something often referred to as turndown or…
Textbook
The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
Textbook
Three-phase AC is the dominant mode of electric power generation and distribution in modern societies.…
Textbook
Facebook
Google
GitHub
Linkedin