Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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The digital multimeter (DMM) is quite possibly the most useful tool in the instrument technician’s…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I…
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Capacitance Any two electrical conductors separated by an insulating medium possess the characteristic called…
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Programmable logic controllers are essentially nothing more than special-purpose, industrial computers. As…
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The Law of Continuity for fluids states that the product of mass density (\(\rho\)), cross-sectional pipe area…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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Shown here is a partial listing of principles applied in the subject matter of this chapter, given for the…
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It is often useful to express the amplitude of an alternating quantity such as voltage or current in terms…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A sliding-stem valve body is one where the moving parts slide with a linear motion. Some examples of…
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Nearly every technical course teaches and tests students on definitions, basic concepts, and at least some…
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One of the most common, and most useful, pressure measuring instruments in industry is the differential…
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Diagnostic ability is arguably the most difficult skill to develop within a student, and also the most…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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One of the marks of a successful problem-solver is a habit of applying general principles to every new problem…
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A very common form of on/off valve used for pneumatic and hydraulic systems alike is the solenoid valve. A…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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A limitation inherent to pneumatic valve actuators is the amount of air flow required to or from the actuator…
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