Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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Disconnect Switches Disconnects are switches designed to isolate sections of a power system in case of damage…
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Electromechanical relays may be connected together to perform logic and control functions, acting as logic…
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A form of protection against faults on long-distance power lines is called distance relaying, so named because…
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One of the fundamental laws of electric circuits is Kirchhoff’s Current Law, which states the algebraic…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Circuit breakers used in residential, commercial, and light industrial service are self-tripping devices: they…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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The simple PLC ladder diagram (LD) commands consist of contacts and coils, arranged in sequences that mimic…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined…
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Sometimes we encounter a diversity of instrument signal standards in one control system. Such is the case with…
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The following photograph shows a large air blower in a wastewater treatment facility equipped with a…
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Current is the name we give to the motion of electric charges from a point of high potential to a point of low…
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Learning how to tune PID controllers is a skill born of much practice. Regardless of how thoroughly you may…
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AC induction motors are based on the principle of a rotating magnetic field produced by a set of stationary…
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The transformer is one of the most important components in all of AC circuitry. Principally used to…
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A hand switch is exactly what the name implies: an electrical switch actuated by a person’s hand motion.…
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Perhaps the most valuable skill an instrument technician can possess is the ability to efficiently diagnose…
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Learning PLC programming is a very important skill. If your job involves programming, then you will likely…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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This animation shows the basic operation of a gas chromatograph, showing the separation of different molecular…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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A level switch is one detecting the level of liquid or solid (granules or powder) in a vessel. Level switches…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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A quantitative PID tuning procedure is a step-by-step approach leading directly to a set of numerical values…
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While 50 and 51 (instantaneous and time overcurrent) relay functions monitor line current magnitude and guard…
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The disadvantages of pneumatic instruments are painfully evident to anyone familiar with both pneumatic and…
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While the term “probability” may evoke images of imprecision, probability is in fact an exact…
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Learning is not merely a process of information transfer. It is first and foremost a transformation of…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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