Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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“Polyphase” means “many phases,” describing a form of AC electrical system where…
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Virtually any mass above absolute zero temperature emits electromagnetic radiation (photons, or light) as a…
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An important type of “accessory” relay, especially for legacy electromechanical protective relays,…
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Any physical location in an industrial facility harboring the potential of explosion due to the presence of…
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Modern analog-to-digital converters are phenomenally accurate, dependable, repeatable, and surprisingly…
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Regulating the electric power sent to an electric motor is a task performed by high-speed switching…
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Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in…
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Perhaps the most basic and necessary protective relay function is overcurrent: commanding a circuit breaker to…
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Classical mechanics (often called Newtonian mechanics in honor of Isaac Newton) deal with forces and motions…
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There are several different methods useful for causing an AC induction motor to brake, or slow down: DC…
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The two “process variables” we rely on most heavily in the field of electrical measurement and…
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In addition to directly performing logic functions, electromechanical relays may also be used as interposing…
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In the United States, the most common language used to program PLCs is Ladder Diagram (LD), also known as…
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Human-machine interfaces, or HMIs, are a critical part of nearly all control systems, complementing the…
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A fluid is any substance having the ability to flow: to freely change shape and move under the influence of a…
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Labwork is an essential part of any science-based curriculum. Here, much improvement may be made over the…
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Although it seems each model of PLC has its own idiosyncratic standard for programming, there does exist an…
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An electric motor is often used as a discrete control element in a control system if driving a pump, conveyor…
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The reason why a pneumatic control valve’s stem position corresponds linearly to the amount of air…
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Those familiar with industrial instrumentation will find much within the electric power industry remarkably…
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A machine in the broad sense of the word is any device designed to translate some form of energy into useful…
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As discussed at the beginning of this chapter, instrumentation safety may be broadly divided into two…
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The purpose of a control valve actuator is to provide the motive force to operate a valve mechanism. Both…
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All substances are comprised of various elements in various combinations and proportions. Elements may thus be…
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Sample sizes of chemical substances are often measured in moles. One mole of a substance is defined as a…
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As described earlier in this chapter, calibration refers to the adjustment of an instrument so its output…
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Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from…
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A flow switch is one detecting the flow of some fluid through a pipe. Flow switches often use…
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There is much to be said for neatness of assembly in electrical signal wiring. Even though the electrons…
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The vast majority of PID controllers in service today are digital in nature. Microprocessors executing PID…
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The following animation shows how the “rotating” magnetic field of a three-phase AC induction…
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A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the column owing to the action of gravity on…
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A different strategy for controlling the flow of fluid is to insert a rotary element into the flow path.…
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A number of different sensors used in instrumentation generate DC voltage signals proportional to the process…
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Many years ago, when I was first learning about electricity, I happened to discover a length of coaxial…
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The three “elementary” particles of matter comprising all atoms are electrons, protons, and…
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These fortifications focus on human behavior rather than system design or component selection. In some ways…
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As previously defined, calibration refers to the checking and adjustment of an instrument so that its output…
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The Law of Mass Conservation states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. The Law of Energy…
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In the United States, the ANSI and IEEE organizations have standardized a set of numerical codes referring to…
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